Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism Overview & Map Weather Transportation Information

Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) is the form of Mahayana Buddhism that developed in Tibet and the surrounding Himalayan region beginning in the 7th century CE.

Brief History of Tibetan Buddhism

Origin

Tibetan Buddhism is a branch of Buddhism which introduced to Tibet. It has a very long history in Tibet. Certain Buddhist scriptures arrived in southern Tibet from India as early as 173 AD during the reign of Thothori Nyantsen, the 28th king of Tibet. During the third century the scriptures were disseminated to northern Tibet. The influence of Buddhism was not great in Tibet, however, and was not yet in its characteristic Tantric form, for the earliest Tantras had just begun to be written in India.

Influence

Tibetan Buddhism exerted a strong influence from the 11th century AD among the peoples of Central Asia, especially in Mongolia and Manchuria. It was adopted as an official state religion by the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty of China.

Tibetan Buddhism spread to the West in the second half of the 20th century as many Tibetan leaders were exiled from their homeland. Today, Tibetan religious communities in the West consist both of refugees from Tibet and westerners drawn to the Tibetan religious tradition.

Sacred Texts

The Tibetan Buddhist canon is a loosely defined list of sacred texts recognized by various sects of Tibetan Buddhism, consisting of more than 300 volumes and many thousands of individual texts. In addition to earlier foundational Buddhist texts from early Buddhist schools, mostly the Sarvastivada, and mahayana texts, the Tibetan canon includes Tantric texts.

The Tibetan Canon underwent a final compilation in 14th Century by Bu-ston (1290-1364). It is divided into two parts: The Bka - gyur or Kanjyur ("Translated Word"), consists of canonical texts. The Kanjyur is made up of 98 volumes containing some 600 texts. The first printing of the Kanjur occurred not in Tibet, but in China (Beijing), and was completed in 1411. The first Tibetan edition of the Kanjur was at sNar-tang in 1731. The Bstan- gyur or Tenjyur ("Transmitted Word"), consists of semi-canonical commentaries and treatises by Buddhist masters. The Tenjyur contains 3626 texts in 224 volumes.

Distinctive Beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism

In common with Mahayana schools, Tibetan Buddhism includes a pantheon of Buddhas, bodhisattvas, and Dharma protectors. Arya-bodhisattvas are able to escape the cycle of death and rebirth but compassionately choose to remain in this world to assist others in reaching nirvana or buddhahood. Dharma protectors are mythic figures incorporated into Tibetan Buddhism from various sources (including the native Bon religion, and Hinduism) who are pledged to protecting and upholding the Dharma. Many of the specific figures are unique to Tibet.

For more information on Tibetan beliefs, see the articles on the Five Dhyani Buddhas, the wrathful deities, and Tara.

Distinctive Practices of Tibetan Buddhism

Non-initiates in Tibetan Buddhism may gain merit by performing rituals such as food and flower offerings, water offerings, religious pilgrimages, or chanting prayers. They may also light butter lamps at the local temple or fund monks to do so on their behalf.

Tantric practitioners make use of rituals and objects. Meditation is an important function which may be aided by the use of special hand gestures (mudras) and chanted mantras (such as the famous mantra of Avalokiteshvara: "om mani padme hum").

A number of esoteric meditation techniques are employed by different traditions, including mahamudra, dzogchen, and the Six yogas of Naropa.

Qualified practitioners may study or construct special cosmic diagrams known as mandalas which assist in inner spiritual development. A lama may make use of a variety of ritual objects, each of which has rich symbolism and a ritual function.

Another important ritual is the Cham, a dance featuring sacred masked dances, sacred music, healing chants, and spectacular richly ornamented multi-colored costumes. Mudras are used by the monks to revitalize spiritual energies which generate wisdom, compassion and the healing powers of Enlightened Beings. With accompanying narration and a monastic debate demonstration, the program provides a fascinating glimpse into ancient and current Tibetan culture. However, due to China's occupation of Tibet, this ritual is now forbidden.

Schools of Tibetan Buddhism

There are four principal schools within modern Tibetan Buddhism:

• Nyingmapa ("School of the Ancients") is the oldest of the Tibetan Buddhist schools and the second largest after Geluk.

• Kagyupa ("Oral Transmission School"; also spelled Bka - brgyud - pa) is the third largest school of Tibetan Buddhism.

• Sakyapa is today the smallest of the four schools of Tibetan Buddhism. It is named for the Sakya ("Gray Earth") monastery in sourthern Tibet.

• Gelugpa (or Dge-lugs-pa or Gelukpa, "School of the Virtuous"), also called the Yellow Hats, is the youngest of the Tibetan schools, but is today the largest and the most important.

The Dalai Lama is the head of the dominant school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Gelugpa (or Yellow Hats). The Panchen Lama is the second highest ranking figure in the Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism after the Dalai Lama.

Tibetan Buddhism Architecture

Tibetan Buddhism Architecture enjoys the most outstanding achievement among the great Tibetan architecture.

Examples

Potala Palace

This ancient architectural complex of Potala Palace is considered a model of Tibetan Buddhism architecture. The stone-and-wood-structured Potala Palace consists of the White Palace and Red Palace. The White Palace, comprising halls, temples and courtyards, serves as the living quarters of the Dalai Lama. The Red Palace includes various chambers for worshipping Buddha and chambers housing the eight stupa that contain the remains of fifth through thirteenth Dalai Lama.

Jokhang Temple

The Jokhang Temple is an example of the earliest architecture in Tibet. Built in 648, the Jokhang Temple expanded to the present scale in the 17th century after several renovations. Located on Barkhor Street, it faces west and has four stories with the roofs covered with gilded bronze tiles. It was built in Tang Dynasty architectural style with characteristics of Nepalese and Indian architecture. The main hall is supported by 20 large wooden columns. There are elegant relief sculptures of human beings, birds and animals carved on the bucket-arch beams.

Xilitu Zhao

Besides, Xilitu Zhao in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Labrang Monastery in Xiahe, Gansu Province and Putuo Zongcheng Temple in Chengde, Hebei province are the typical Tibetan Buddhism architectural complexes.

Tibetan Buddhism Highlights

Tibetan Buddhism Highlights Related

Tibetan Buddhism attraction highlights

• Potala Palace
• Jokhang Temple
• Sera Temple
• Drepung Temple
• Norbulingka Park
• Songzanlin Temple
• Tashilhunpo Temple
• Temple of Universal Peace
• Putuo Zongcheng Temple
• Eight Outer Temples
• Lama Temple
• Tar Temple
• Barkhor Street
• Ramoche Temple
• Ganden Temple
• Temple of Universal Happiness
• Wudangzhao Temple
• Nietang Buddha
• Jiegu Temple

Buddhism attraction highlights

Originated in India, Buddhism can be considered as the biggest and most influencial religion in China. Even some people say they don't believe in it, the spirit of Buddhism is still worth following.

• Dunhuang
• Dengfeng
• Luoyang
• Taishan
• Emeishan
• Leshan
• Shijiazhuang

• Mt. Emeishan
• Leshan Giant Buddha
• Mt. Lushan
• Mt. Putuoshan
• Mt. Wutaishan
• Kizilgaha Thousand Buddha Cave
• Mt. Jiuhuashan
• Dazu Rock Carvings
• Dai Temple
• Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
• Bailin Temple, Great Zen Buddhist Center

Six Big Monasteries of Gelugpa attraction highlights

Labrang Monastery (labuleng si) is one of the six most important monasteries of the Gelugpa (Yellow Hat) sect of Tibetan Buddhism. The others are Ganden, Sera and Drepung around Lhasa, Tashilhunpo at Shigatse and Kumbum (Ta'er) near Xining in Qinghai.

• Sera Temple
• Drepung Temple

Tibetan Ethnic Group attraction highlights

This is an ethnic group of mystery and religion, a land with passionate people, a place of songs, dances and delicious food; This is Tibetan ethnic group. The Tibetans with a population of 5,416,021 mostly live in the Tibet Autonomous Region. There are also Tibetan communities in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces.

• Lhasa
• Gyangtze
• Shigatse
• Tingri
• Tsetang

Tibetan Buddhism FAQ & Travelers's Tips

1. Who are the Chinese?
2. Is there any religion that was originated from China?
3. What do religious Chinese people believe in nowadays?
4. What is the policy of China to Ethnic Groups?
5. What was the most powerful spiritual statement a person in ancient china could make?
6. Why China is called one of the Four Great Ancient Civilizations?
7. How to understand the insight of Buddhism?
8. What determines an ethnic group?
9. Where did the names of ethnic groups come from?

1. Who are the Chinese?

   The people of China have always been a diverse group. Beginning in 221 B.C.E. the ethnic groups of China were first unified under the Qin Dynasty. This short-lived dynasty was followed by one of the longest, the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.- 220 C.E.)

   Today the majority of the Chinese population (92%) is called Han or "sons of Han after this dynasty". Within the Han majority are many ethnic groups that speak 7 mutually unintelligible dialects such as Cantonese and Fujianese and maintain their own customs and traditions. Despite their differences these ethnic groups have been absorbed into the Han majority. A common written language and a strong central government, both created by the Qin and refined by the Han and later dynasties, are the ties that hold the Han majority together.

   Fifty-six ethnic groups, including the majority Han people, live in China. An ethnic group is recognized by the Chinese government as a group of people of common origin living in a common area, using a common language, and having a sense of group identity in economic and social organization and behavior. Non-Han ethnic groups are referred to as ethnic minorities but are considered Chinese citizens. Since 1949 ethnic minorities have been politically equal to the Han majority and are guaranteed special representation in the National People's Congress.

   The constitution prohibits discrimination against and oppression of any ethnicity. Historically this has not always been the case nor have the Han always dominated China's political and economic arenas. Twice, China was ruled by non-Han nationalities: The Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368) established by the Mongolians, and China's last dynasty, the Qing, ruled by the Manchus. The First Republic of China (1911) recognized the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui (Muslim) and Tibetan people through its five colored flag. But persecution and forced assimilation into the majority way of life under the Guomindang (National People's Party 1928-1937) and during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) created tension between the Han and the ethnic minorities, some which still exist today. Through financial aid, material resources and exemptions to national policies like the "one child" policy for ethnic minority in urban areas, the government is working towards its goal of a "unified, multi-ethnic state" as declared in the constitution.
   




2. Is there any religion that was originated from China?

   Yes. China is the homeland of Taoism.
   
   Taoism refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. These traditions have influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread internationally. The Chinese character Tao (or Dao, depending on the romanisation scheme) means "path" or "way", although in Chinese religion and philosophy it has taken on more abstract meanings. Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoist thought focuses on wu wei (non-action), spontaneity, transformation and emptiness/omnipotence. An emphasis is placed on the link between people and nature, and that this link lessens the need for rules and order, leading one to a better understanding of the world and one's surroundings.
   
   Nature and ancestor spirits are common in popular Taoism. Organized Taoism distinguishes its ritual activity from that of the folk religion, which some professional Taoists (Daoshi) view as debased. This sort of shamanism is eschewed for an emphasis on internal alchemy among the "elite" Taoists.
   
   Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, several Chinese martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, fengshui, and many styles of qigong breath training disciplines are intertwined with Taoism throughout history.




3. What do religious Chinese people believe in nowadays?

   China is a country with a great diversity of religious beliefs. As the communication developed during the long history of China, Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism have become some main religion for modern Chinese people.

   • Buddhism has a history of 2,000 years in China. Currently China has 13,000-some Buddhist temples and about 200,000 Buddhist monks and nuns. Among them are 120,000 lamas and nuns, more than 1,700 Living Buddhas, and 3,000-some temples of Tibetan Buddhism and nearly 10,000 Bhiksus and senior monks and more than 1,600 temples of Pali Buddhism.
     
     
   • Islam was introduced into China in the seventh century. Nowadays in China there are ten national minorities, including the Hui and Uygur, with a total population of 18 million, whose faith is Islam. Their 30,000-odd mosques are served by 40,000 Imams and Akhunds.
     
     
   • Catholicism was introduced into China intermittently in the seventh century, but it had not spread widely until after the Opium War in 1840. At present, China has four million Catholics, 4,000 clergy and more than 4,600 churches and meeting houses.
     
     
   • Protestantism was first brought to China in the early 19th century and spread widely after the Opium War. There are about 10 million Protestants, more than 18,000 clergy, more than 12,000 churches and 25,000-some meeting places throughout China.
     
     
   China has the following national religious organizations: Buddhist Association of China, Taoist Association of China, Islamic Association of China, Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association, Chinese Catholic Bishops' College, Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee of the Protestant Churches of China, and China Christian Council.
   In the course of the country's long history, the various religions in China have become part of the traditional Chinese thinking and culture. It is traditional for Chinese religious believers to love their country and religions. The Chinese government supports and encourages the religious circles to unite the religious believers to actively participate in the construction of the country.
   



4. What is the policy of China to Ethnic Groups?

   China is a united and multi-national country. China has 56 ethnic groups. Han people accounts for about 92 percent of the whole population and the rest of the people from other nationalities over 8 percent. During the long process of historical development, many people from various minority nationalities gradually get used to living in compact communities in areas mainly populated by Han people.
   
   A new policy towards the many ethnic groups of China is: all ethnic groups within the boundaries of the People's Republic of China are equal. They establish unity and mutual aid among themselves, and shall oppose imperialism and public enemies in their midst so that the People's Republic of China will become a big fraternal and cooperative family comprising all its ethnic groups. 'Greater nationalism' and 'local nationalism' should be opposed. Acts of discrimination, oppression and dividing the various nationalities should be prohibited.

   Many Ethnic Groups protected by this policy retain their own traits. Under this policy, many ethnic groups develop well in politics, economy, culture, and religion. Some influential ethnic groups such as: Yao Ethnic Group, Zhuang Ethnic Group, Miao Ethnic Group, Uygur Ethnic Group, Tibetan Ethnic Group, Dong Ethnic Group
   



5. What was the most powerful spiritual statement a person in ancient china could make

   Being empty was the highest spiritual to ancient Chinese people. Being empty doesn't refer to being mindless, nevertheless, when someone wouldn't think highly of material substance, he wouldn't care the existence of anything, because having equals not having, and vice versa. When one doesn't care anything's existence, he can concentrate on the process of his project and finally fulfill his personal achievement.

   Now you might ask: how can one achieve anything without the help of material substance. Well, materialism can be the very cause of failure. Caring too much about substance around you will distract you or lead you to a wrong way. There is a Chinese saying: there is always a way to climb up a mountain, which means, caring too much about substance is not necessary because everything you need will come to you eventually.
   
   



6. Why China is called one of the Four Great Ancient Civilizations?

   The history of China is told in traditional historical records that refer as far back as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors about 5,000 years ago, supplemented by archaeological records dating to the 16th century BC. China is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations. Chinese civilization originated with city-states in the Yellow River valley. 221 BC is the commonly accepted year when China became unified under a large kingdom or empire. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control the large territory.
   
   With the development of the economy of China, China becomes very strong and affluent. Many areas form their own cultural environment. The customs, living style, economic conditions and so on is different from other areas. They form their special cultures. Some local culture are very famous and interesting, such as Shu Culture, Hakka Culture, Dongba Culture. While Lop Nur Culture exhibits to us the past ancient civilization of Lop Nur. Lop Nur Culture was a bright pearl on the ancient Silk Road.
   




7. How to understand the insight of Buddhism?

   Buddhism is one of five main religions existed in China. The essence of the Buddha's teachings is summed up in the Four Noble Truths of his first sermon. The Buddha's quest was to find a way beyond personal suffering, not through reliance on dogmas, creeds or philosophies but in actual experience based in insight. He ruthlessly exposed the nature of life realising that, due to impermanence and death, life can never be apart from suffering. This suffering arises primarily because we crave permanence, ego-enhancing credentials and safety: to go beyond suffering necessitates going beyond this craving, an endeavour that demands an examination of the self. The Buddha proclaimed: Life is suffering, Suffering is due to wanting, and especially wanting connected with the self, Suffering diminishes when this wanting is abandoned, the way how to do it.

   Chinese Zen, or Chan as it is called in China, is a way of life that encourages clarity of mind, compassion to all sentient beings and a wisdom that comes from going beyond the concerns of self. The famous Shaolin Temple is a Temple of Zen.



8. What determines an ethnic group?

   There are several aspects that determines whether one kind of people can form an ethnic group.

   • Distinct language: While hundreds of Chinese dialects are spoken across China, a minority language is not simply a dialect. Rather, it is a language with distinct grammatical and phonological differences from Chinese. Language families include Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, Indo-European, Austro-Asiatic, and Austronesian. Twenty-one ethnic minority groups have unique writing systems.
     
     
   • A Recognized Indigenous Homeland: A territory within the national boundaries of China, from which the group originated. Native history and mythologies are interwoven into this native land.
     
     
   • Distinctive Customs: Ranging from dress, marriage rituals, cuisine, religion, and so forth.
   
   
   • A Strong Sense of Identity: Feeling of relation with other members of the group, along with historically perceived friends and enemies among other groups.

9. Where did the names of ethnic groups come from?

   Many of the original Chinese names for minorities come from a long history of contempt. In 1951, the use of derogatory names was abolished, but the new, currently used names were set by Han Chinese. As the Communist Party has relaxed its iron grip in recent years, minorities have been given flexibility in choosing their own official names.